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   "source": [
    "Copyright Amazon.com, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.\n",
    "SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Using RDF and SPARQL to Access the Graph\n",
    "\n",
    "SPARQL is a query language for the Resource Description Framework (RDF), which is a graph data format designed for the web. Amazon Neptune is compatible with SPARQL 1.1. This means that you can connect to a Neptune DB instance and query the graph using the query language described in the [SPARQL 1.1 Query Language](https://www.w3.org/TR/sparql11-query/) specification.\n",
    "\n",
    "A query in SPARQL consists of a SELECT clause to specify the variables to return and a WHERE clause to specify which data to match in the graph. If you are unfamiliar with SPARQL queries, see [Writing Simple Queries](https://www.w3.org/TR/sparql11-query/#WritingSimpleQueries) in the [SPARQL 1.1 Query Language](https://www.w3.org/TR/sparql11-query/)."
   ]
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   "source": [
    "The HTTP endpoint for SPARQL queries to a Neptune DB instance is https://your-neptune-endpoint:port/sparql.\n",
    "\n",
    "Issue the below SPARQL UPDATE using the `%%sparql` magic "
   ]
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   "source": [
    "%%sparql\n",
    "\n",
    "INSERT DATA { <https://test.com/s> <https://test.com/p> <https://test.com/o> . }"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Enter the following to submit a SPARQL QUERY using the `%%sparql` magic:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "%%sparql\n",
    "SELECT ?s ?p ?o WHERE {?s ?p ?o} LIMIT 10"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "The preceding example returns up to 10 of the triples (subject-predicate-object) in the graph by using the ?s ?p ?o query with a limit of 10. To query for something else, replace it with another SPARQL query.\n",
    "\n",
    "**Note**\n",
    "\n",
    "The default MIME type of a response is `application/sparql-results+json` for any query to Neptune.\n",
    "\n",
    "If you wish to use a different MIME type, this can be specified via the `-m`/`--media-type` parameter. For example, to retrieve your results in SPARQL XML format, run:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "%%sparql -m application/sparql-results+xml\n",
    "\n",
    "SELECT ?s ?p ?o WHERE {?s ?p ?o} LIMIT 10"
   ],
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "pycharm": {
     "name": "#%%\n"
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   }
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "source": [
    "For a list of all available MIME types, see [SPARQL HTTP API](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/neptune/latest/userguide/sparql-api-reference.html)."
   ],
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
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  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## What's next?\n",
    "\n",
    "Now that you've tried your hand at SPARQL queries, take your learning to the next level with these datasets:\n",
    "\n",
    "[Explore English Premier League using SPARQL](../02-Visualization/EPL-SPARQL.ipynb)\n",
    "\n",
    "[Explore global air route data using SPARQL](../02-Visualization/Air-Routes-SPARQL.ipynb)"
   ]
  }
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